At least 13 senators have asserted that the power to enter into treaties or international agreements, such as the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (Edca) between the Philippines and the United States, does not rest solely on the President but is shared with the Senate.
The 13 senators led by Miriam Defensor-Santiago, chair of the committee on foreign relations, signed a draft resolution, expressing the strong sense of the Senate that a treaty ratified by the President, unless concurred in by the chamber, “becomes invalid and ineffective.”
The 12 other signatories are senators Sonny Angara, Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos Jr., Pia Cayetano, Serge Osmeña III, Joseph Victor “JV” Ejercito, Aqulino “Koko” Pimentel III, Senate President Pro Tempore Ralph Recto, Teofisto Guingona III, Lito Lapid, Cynthia Villar and detained senators Jose “Jinggoy” Estrada and Ramon “Bong” Revilla Jr.
“Behold the Senate break its silence. The fact that we have not made a hue and cry about the Edca has apparently been misconstrued as acquiescence,” Santiago said in a statement on Thursday.
“In this resolution, we are saying that we will not allow the power of the Senate to be eroded,” she said.
Santiago noted that the resolution came at the heels of President Benigno Aquino III’s announcement that the Philippines will initiate negotiations for a visiting forces agreement (VFA) with Japan, a treaty the Palace claims will bolster both countries’ stand in separate maritime disputes with China.
READ: PH, Japan to begin talks on visiting forces agreement
She said that if adopted, the resolution will be sent to the Supreme Court as the Senate’s position on the pending question on the validity of the Edca. Malacañang argued that the Edca was not a treaty but an executive agreement that does not require Senate concurrence.
READ: DND: Edca not treaty, needs no Senate OK
“The only constitutional ground for the position taken by the Executive is the mere inclusion of the term ‘executive agreement’ as one of items included [on] the list of cases which the Supreme Court has power to decide,” the senators said in the resolution.
They were referring to the Constitution, Article 8, Section 4, which says: “All cases involving the constitutionality of a treaty, international or executive agreement, or law, which shall be heard by the Supreme Court en banc…”
But they said the “executive agreement” was a term “wandering alone in the Constitution, bereft of provenance and an unidentified constitutional mystery.” They added that no provision defined the term, set requirements for it, or established protocol.
Santiago further assailed the view that the Edca was an implementing agreement to the VFA, forged between the Philippines and the US in 2009. Santiago is also chair of the joint legislative oversight committee on the VFA.
“It is absurd to claim that the Edca is an implementing agreement to the VFA, which, in the first place, is alleged to be the implementing agreement to the ancient Mutual Defense Treaty. Moreover, the US does not even recognize the VFA as a treaty,” she said.
The Senate in 2009 adopted Santiago’s resolution urging the Department of Foreign Affairs to either renegotiate or terminate the VFA. A panel headed by the executive secretary has been created to review the VFA, but the treaty was never renegotiated.
“The Constitution is clear and categorical that Senate concurrence is absolutely necessary for the validity and effectivity of any treaty, particularly any treaty that promotes for foreign military bases, troops, and facilities, such as the Edca,” the senators said.
They cited the following constitutional provisions:
1. “No treaty or international agreement shall be valid and effective unless concurred in by at least two-thirds of all the Members of the Senate.” (Article 7, Section 21)
2. “After the expiration in 1991 of the Agreement between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America concerning Military Bases, foreign military bases, troops, or facilities shall not be allowed in the Philippines except under a treaty duly concurred in by the Senate and, when the Congress so requires, ratified by a majority of the votes cast by the people in a national referendum held for that purpose, and recognized as a treaty by the other contracting State.” (Article 18, Section 25)
Santiago said that the two constitutional provisions on Senate concurrence were specific provisions while the lone provision mentioning an “executive agreement” was a general provision.
“Therefore, the specific provisions on Senate concurrence prevail over the general provision on ‘executive agreement’,” she added.
The senators though clarified in the resolution that they are not forcing the President to submit the Edca for concurrence, an act the Supreme Court has denounced in its ruling in the 2005 case of Pimentel v. Office of the Executive Secretary.
“By this resolution, the Senate merely takes a definitive stand on the non-negotiable power of the Senate to decide whether a treaty will be valid and effective, depending on Senate concurrence,” the senators said. IDL