It does take a rocket scientist

WASHINGTON—It really is rocket science, and it really is hard. North Korea proved that again.

The giant explosion that gets a rocket off the ground is not that complicated. The superhot, superfast exhaust from that giant fire is funneled in a way that shoots the rocket upward. North Korea’s Unha-3 rocket combines two liquid propellants—hydrazine and nitric acid—that ignite when mixed, space experts say.

That’s the easy part.

Controlling that reaction and going where you want, when you want: that is where engineers earn their money and ulcers. And it is where past rockets and spaceships have ended in spectacular and sometimes deadly failures.

“Anybody can make something go boom. Controlling it is hard,” said former Nasa associate administrator Scott Pace, the director of space policy at George Washington University.

All that power has to be confined by metal and controlled by electronics. It takes the power of about a ton of TNT just to get 60 pounds (27 kilograms) into orbit at almost 18,000 miles per hour (28,800 kilometers per hour). One tiny mistake, one mismatch in devices, one miscommunication, one bubble, and boom.

Control problems

In 1986, the fiery power of the space shuttle Challenger burned through an O-ring seal and seven astronauts died.

Other control problems have doomed spaceships. Aerodynamics, which keeps the pointy end straight up, is key. If a rocket veers too much it just breaks apart, said Jonathan McDowell of Harvard University.

New countries launching rockets generally fail half the time, he said. John Glenn recalled how Nasa’s first astronauts watched in horror as an Atlas rocket blew up in front of them. More recently, private US company SpaceX failed on its first three Falcon 1 launch attempts before finally succeeding twice. Even the normally reliable Russians could not get a rocket to Mars last fall because of a postlaunch failure that ended up with the spaceship on board falling back to Earth.

Why it failed

What doomed the North Korea rocket minutes after launch on Friday is not yet known.

Failure often comes from not putting things together right. Tens of thousands of parts have to match perfectly and talk to each other.

Nasa’s 2001 Mars Odyssey probe took 10,000 separate actions to go right to get there, Scott Hubbard of Stanford University said. Two years earlier, Nasa mistakenly used both metric and English measuring units, dooming a $125-million Martian probe.

Former Nasa deputy administrator Hans Mark said most failures are from human error. He pointed to a dropped oxygen tank that caused the near-fatal Apollo 13 explosion.

‘Star Trek’

Poor communication between engineers and managers about known problems was a factor in both the 1986 and 2003 space shuttle disasters and that is a bigger issue for totalitarian societies like North Korea, Pace said.

“In many ways, the worst enemy of Nasa is ‘Star Trek,’” Pace said. “Captain Picard says ‘engage,’ and the ship moves. And people think ‘How hard can this be?”’ North Korea knows.