What if the US election ends in a Trump-Harris tie?

The White House is seen in Washington, DC, on November 4, 2024, on the eve of the US presidential election. (Photo by Brendan SMIALOWSKI / Agence France-Presse)

WASHINGTON, United States — What will happen if neither Kamala Harris nor Donald Trump achieves the Electoral College majority required to win the US election?

While not highly likely, such an outcome remains possible, tormenting Americans already perched painfully on the edge of their seats ahead of the November 5 election.

Under the US system, it is not the national popular vote that decides who becomes president, but a 538-member “Electoral College,” in which each state gets as many “electors” as their representation in Congress.

Every state except Nebraska and Maine awards all of their electors to whoever comes first in the state-wide popular vote.

If both Harris and Trump fail to reach the majority threshold of 270 electors, the US Constitution says that Congress would play a deciding role.

Specifically, the newly elected House of Representatives would select the president in January, while the Senate would designate the next vice president.

Several possible scenarios could produce a 269-269 Electoral College split.

READ: Who formally declares the winner of the US presidential election?

One example would occur if Democrat Harris prevails in the states of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, while the Republican former president carries Georgia, Arizona, Nevada, and North Carolina, plus a single left-leaning district in Nebraska.

A tie would force a so-called contingent election in Congress – something which has never happened in modern American history.

The last time a tie forced Congress to pick the president was in the 1800 election, which pitted Thomas Jefferson against incumbent president John Adams.

Lawmakers in a badly divided House struggled mightily to agree, finally selecting Jefferson on their 36th ballot.

The excruciating muddle led to the adoption four years later of the 12th Amendment to the US Constitution, to somewhat clarify procedures around the election.

This time, if such a House vote should be necessary, it would take place on January 6, 2025.

But how would that vote proceed?

“Each state, regardless of population, casts a single vote for President in a contingent election,” according to the Congressional Research Service (CRS).

READ: LIVE UPDATES: 2024 US presidential election

In other words, Republican-leaning Wyoming with its city-sized population of 500,000 would have the same influence as Democratic California, where 39 million people live.

Though the US capital city Washington has three Electoral College votes, it would not get a vote in a contingent election, as it is not a state.

States with two or more representatives would need to hold an internal vote to determine which candidate to support, a CRS report said.

A candidate needs to win a majority of the 50 states, or 26 votes. At present, that would likely give Republicans the edge.

Specific rules to govern the process would likely have to be adopted by the House, potentially leading to intense disagreements and a protracted period of constitutional crisis.

It is not hard to imagine how such a process, at the end of a razor-close campaign, would weigh on the already badly frayed nerves of American voters, many of whom are convinced that the vote has been rife with irregularities.