World Health Organization (WHO) headquarters in Geneva. —Photo by Fabrice Coffrini/Agence France-Presse
MANILA, Philippines — A new report by the World Health Organization (WHO) has found that vaccines against 24 pathogens could reduce the global daily doses of antibiotics needed, thereby supporting worldwide efforts to address antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
Some of these vaccines are already available but underused, while others need to be developed as soon as possible and brought to the market.
The 168-page report, titled “Estimating the impact of vaccines in reducing antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use,” evaluates the role of vaccines in reducing AMR and provides recommendations for enhancing their impact.
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AMR occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites no longer respond to antimicrobial medicines, making people sicker and increasing the risk of illness, death and the spread of infections that are difficult to treat.
It is driven largely by the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials, particularly antibiotics. Yet, at the same time, many people around the world do not have access to essential antimicrobials.
The report released on Oct. 10 analyzed 44 vaccines targeting 24 pathogens—19 bacteria, four viruses and one parasite.
It estimated that vaccines already in use against typhoid and pneumococcus pneumonia such as Haemophilus influenzae type B or HiB—a bacteria causing pneumonia and meningitis—could avert up to 106,000 of deaths each year associated with AMR.
The pentavalent vaccines (5-in-1) provided by the Department of Health (DOH) to newborns for free, under its National Immunization Program, offer protection against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and HiB.
Developing vaccines
An additional 543,000 deaths associated with AMR could be averted annually if new vaccines for tuberculosis and Klebsiella pneumoniae are developed and rolled out globally.
“Addressing antimicrobial resistance starts with preventing infections, and vaccines are among the most powerful tools for doing that,” WHO Director General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said in a statement.
“Prevention is better than cure, and increasing access to existing vaccines and developing new ones for critical diseases, like tuberculosis, [are] critical to saving lives and turning the tide on AMR,” he added.
Hospital costs
Each year, nearly 5 million deaths are associated with AMR globally, according to WHO estimates.
Vaccinated people have fewer infections and are protected against potential complications from secondary infections that may need antimicrobial medicines or require admission to hospital.
For example, vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae—including the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) which the DOH-NIP offers for free to senior citizens—could save 33 million antibiotic doses.
Vaccines for tuberculosis—which are also mandatory in the Philippines for newborns—could save between 1.2 and 1.9 billion antibiotic doses.
Globally, the hospital costs of treating resistant pathogens, as evaluated in the report, are estimated at $730 billion (P42 trillion) each year.
If vaccines could be rolled out against all the evaluated pathogens, they could save a third of hospital costs associated with AMR and reduce the global daily doses of antibiotics needed by 22 percent or 2.5 billion.
Reducing fatalities
During the 79th United Nations General Assembly High-Level Meeting on AMR on Sept. 26, world leaders approved a declaration committing their nations to a clear set of targets and actions by 2030—such as reducing by 10 percent the estimated 4.95 million fatalities associated with bacterial AMR.
In the Philippines, the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine recorded in 2019 alone the 15,700 deaths attributable to and 56,700 deaths associated with AMR.
To prevent its spread, the DOH discourages the public against self-medication and using antibiotics without consulting a doctor.
The DOH also reminds the public to complete the prescribed course of treatment or take the complete doses of antibiotics.